Abstract The idea of governance has permeated the debates on the state’s transformation at the regional level since the 1990s. However, operationalization difficulties have limited our knowledge of the phenomenon. This article contributes to filling this gap by examining the inter-jurisdictional dimension of regional governance. From a network perspective, the article studies the emergence of inter-municipal networks from different local collaborative mechanisms. Based on the institutional collective action framework, the study analyzes the prevalence of network structures associated with different types of social capital (bonding/bridging) in three inter-municipal networks in the Los Lagos Region in Chile. The application of exponential random graph models (ERGM) revealed evidence supporting the consistent prevalence of bonding in the three networks studied. The findings also showed the networks’ coexistence with structures decentralized in more complex regional networks.

Resumen Desde los noventa, la idea de gobernanza ha permeado los debates acerca de la transformación del Estado a escala regional, sin embargo, las dificultades de su operacionalización han limitado nuestro conocimiento. Este artículo busca contribuir con esta brecha, examinando la dimensión interjurisdiccional de la gobernanza regional. Aplicando la perspectiva de análisis de redes, se estudia la formación de las redes intermunicipales que se configuran a partir de diferentes mecanismos de colaboración. Con base en el marco de acción colectiva institucional, el artículo analiza la prevalencia de estructuras de relacionamiento asociadas a diferentes tipos de capital social (bonding - capital social vínculo ‒ y bridging - capital social puente ‒) en tres redes intermunicipales de la región de Los Lagos, en Chile. Por medio de la aplicación de modelos de grafos aleatorios exponenciales (ERGM), se obtiene evidencia para sustentar la consistente prevalencia de bonding en las tres redes estudiadas y su coexistencia con estructuras descentralizadas en las redes de mayor complejidad regional.

Resumo Desde a década de noventa, a ideia de governança permeou os debates sobre a transformação do Estado no âmbito regional, não obstante, as dificuldades de sua operacionalização têm limitado nosso conhecimento. Este artigo busca contribuir para essa lacuna, examinando a dimensão interjurisdicional da governança regional. Aplicando a perspectiva da análise de redes, estuda-se a formação de redes intermunicipais que se configuram a partir de diferentes mecanismos de colaboração. Com base no marco institucional da ação coletiva, o artigo analisa a prevalência de estruturas de relacionamento associadas a diferentes tipos de capital social (bonding/bridging) em três redes intermunicipais da região de Los Lagos, no Chile. Através da aplicação de modelos de gráficos aleatórios exponenciais (ERGM), obtêm-se evidências que suportam a prevalência consistente de bonding nas três redes estudadas e sua coexistência com estruturas descentralizadas em redes de maior complexidade regional.

Resumo A inserção do cateter venoso central (CVC) para hemodiálise pode ser complicada em pacientes com anatomia anômala dos vasos. Nesses casos, o conhecimento detalhado da anatomia do vaso torácico é necessário para identificar a localização exata do cateter. A colocação venosa central sob controle de ultrassom tem reduzido significativamente as complicações associadas à punção às cegas e permite uma punção apropriada do vaso desejado, mas o CVC ainda pode ficar mal posicionado se seguir uma rota anômala. Aqui, relatamos um caso de cateter de diálise colocado em uma veia cava superior esquerda, apenas diagnosticado após estudo de tomografia computadorizada. (CVC vasos casos desejado Aqui esquerda computadorizada

Abstract Hemodialysis central venous catheter (CVC) insertion can be complicated in patients with anomalous vessel anatomy. In such cases detailed knowledge of thoracic vessel anatomy is necessary to identify the exact location of the catheter. Central venous placement under ultrasound control has significantly reduced the complications associated with blind puncture and allows an appropriate puncture of the desired vessel, but the CVC can still get misplaced if it follows an anomalous route. Herein, we report a case of dialysis catheter placed into a left sided superior vena cava, only diagnosed after CT scan study. (CVC route Herein cava study

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: Los encinares son bosques considerados comunidades clímax que poseen una amplia variación estructural y alta biodiversidad. Sin embargo, se han realizado pocos estudios sobre el banco de semillas como fuente de germoplasma que permitan entender la sucesión vegetal y el restablecimiento natural de ese ecosistema. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue inventariar las especies que conforman el banco de semillas en un bosque de encino dominado por Quercus delgadoana localizado en la zona central de la Sierra Madre Oriental, México. Métodos: Se obtuvieron muestras de suelo en cuatro parcelas de 400 m2. Las semillas presentes en cada muestra fueron extraídas manualmente. Posteriormente, el suelo fue puesto dentro de un invernadero por cinco meses para promover la germinación y obtener plántulas. Las semillas y/o plántulas obtenidas fueron determinadas y clasificadas de acuerdo con su etapa sucesional, forma de vida y modo de dispersión. Resultados clave: Se obtuvieron 2000 semillas correspondientes a 20 familias, 40 géneros, 48 especies. La familia más abundante fue Asteraceae con 20 especies. Simsia amplexicaulis fue la especie más abundante. Las semillas de especies de etapas sucesionales pioneras e intermedias fueron las más representativas con 85% del total. La zoocoria (50%) fue el principal medio de dispersión de las semillas del banco. Conclusiones: La composición del banco de semillas no se relacionó con la vegetación del dosel. Solo 15% de las semillas fueron de árboles. El corto periodo de muestreo no permitió analizar la dinámica del banco de semillas, transitorio o permanente. Sin embargo, la composición del banco de semillas constituido por especies de etapas sucesionales pioneras, intermedias y tardías tiene el potencial de regenerar la vegetación mediante sucesión ecológica.

Abstract: Background and Aims: Oak forests have been considered climax communities with high structural variation and biodiversity. However, few studies have been surveyed about seed banks as a germplasm source that may help understanding of ecological succession and the natural recovery of that ecosystem. Therefore, this work’s objective was to carry out an inventory of species in the seed bank of an oak forest dominated by Quercus delgadoana located in the central zone of the Sierra Madre Oriental, Mexico. Methods: Soil samples were collected into four circular parcels of 400 m2. Seed content in every soil sample was manually extracted. Posteriorly, the soil was put into a greenhouse for five months to seed germination and obtain seedlings. Then, seeds and seedlings were determined and classified according to their successional affinities, life form, and dispersion modes. Key results: Two thousand seeds corresponding to 20 families, 40 genera, and 48 species were obtained. The most abundant family was Asteraceae with 20 species. Simsia amplexicaulis was the most abundant species. The seeds of pioneer and intermediate successional species were the most representative with 85%, of the total. Zoochory (50%) was the main means of seed dispersal. Conclusions: The composition of the seed bank was not related to the standing vegetation. Only 15% of the seeds were from trees. The short sampling period did not allow for analyzing the seed bank dynamics, transitory or permanent. However, the seed bank composition constituted by species of initial, secondary, and late successional stages has the potential to regenerate the standing vegetation through ecological succession.

ABSTRACT Systemic lupus erythematosus and ANCA-associated vasculitis overlap syndrome is rare and complex. Moreover, the mechanisms that explain the interaction between these two conditions are still unclear. The authors describe the case of a patient who had myeloperoxidase ANCA-associated vasculitis as the initial diagnosis, with biopsy-proven pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis, attaining complete remission after immunosuppression. Five years later, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus was diagnosed and a second kidney biopsy showed a pattern of lupus nephritis class III. While on immunosuppression treatment, the patient developed a progressive elevation of liver enzymes and was later diagnosed with primary biliary cholangitis. It seems that in this case, the overlap of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and ANCA-associated vasculitis may be part of a poliautoimmune syndrome suggested by association with a third autoimmune disease.

Abstract: Background: Human activities (e.g., logging and grazing) have perturbed the few beech forests that persist in the Sierra Madre Oriental, Mexico. However, basic information about ecological relationship in beech forests are scarce. Questions: How are the relationship among structural components in a forest with high dominance of Fagus grandiflora subsp. mexicana? Species study: Fagus grandiflora subsp. mexicana an endangered tree species. Study site and dates: During 2015-2016 in a beech forest of Fagus grandiflora subsp. mexicana in San Bartolo Tutotepec, Hidalgo, Mexico. Methods: In four circular plots (11.28 m diameter), all tree species were recorded. For seed bank sampling five circular subplots were established in each plot. Two soil samples (50 × 50 cm, 5 cm deep) were collected and seedlings were recorded in five subplots (two meters in diameter) in each plot. All species of seeds, seedlings and trees were identified. Results: Seed bank was composed of 32 species while 17 and 9 species were registered for seedlings and trees, respectively. F. grandifolia subsp. mexicana and Quercus delgadoana were abundant both in seedling bank and tree canopy. Species compositions among the three beech forest structural components were significantly different. Conclusions: The relationship among structural components were low. Quercus delgadoana in a future scenario would replace F. grandiflora subsp. mexicana as the dominant species in the forest.

Resumen: Antecedentes: Las actividades humanas (tala y pastoreo) han perturbado los pocos bosques de hayas que aún persisten en la Sierra Madre Oriental, México. Sin embargo, la información básica sobre las relaciones ecológicas en estos bosques es escasa. Pregunta: ¿Cuál son las relaciones en la biodiversidad entre los componentes estructurales en un bosque con alto dominio de Fagus grandiflora subsp. mexicana. Especie de estudio: Fagus grandiflora subsp. mexicana una especie arbórea en peligro de extinción. Sitio y años de estudio: Durante 2015-2016 en un bosque de hayas de Fagus grandiflora subsp. mexicana en San Bartolo Tutotepec, Hidalgo, México. Métodos: En cuatro parcelas circulares (11.28 m de diámetro) se registraron todas las especies de árboles. Para el muestreo del banco de semillas se recolectaron dos muestras de suelo (50 × 50 cm, 5 cm de profundidad) y se registraron los árboles juveniles en cinco parcelas secundarias (2 m de diámetro) dentro de cada parcela. Se identificaron todas las especies de semillas, juveniles y árboles. Resultados: El banco de semillas tuvo 32 especies, mientras que 17 y 9 especies fueron registradas de plántulas y árboles, respectivamente. Fagus grandifolia subsp. mexicana y Quercus delgadoana fueron especies más abundantes tanto en el banco de juveniles como en el estrato arbóreo. Las composiciones de especies entre los tres componentes estructurales del bosque de haya fueron significativamente diferentes. Conclusiones: Las relaciones entre los componentes estructurales del bosque fueron. Quercus delgadoana podría, en un escenario futuro, remplazar a F. grandiflora subsp. mexicana como la especie dominante del bosque.

Resumo Este artigo oferece uma visão do estado da pesquisa latino-americana sobre cooperação inter-municipal, um fenômeno que ganhou relevância empírica na região desde a década de 1990. Com base em uma revisão sistemática da literatura e na análise de conteúdo de 47 artigos publicados entre 2005 e 2016 em periódicos indexados em WOS, Scopus e LatinIndex, este artigo informa sobre o andamento da pesquisa sobre as condições relevantes, as complexidades da operação e os diferentes efeitos da cooperação inter-municipal nos países da América Latina. Os resultados identificam as lacunas de pesquisa no estudo de causas e fatores explicativos da colaboração como modelo organizacional e governança territorial, bem como a falta de estudos sobre a efetividade de tais arranjos. A identificação dessas principais lacunas permitirão orientar a futura agenda de pesquisa sobre cooperação entre municípios.

Abstract This article offers an overview of Latin American research on inter-municipal cooperation, a phenomenon that has gained empirical relevance in the region since the 1990s. Based on a systematic literature review and content analysis of 47 articles published between 2005 and 2016 selected from indexed journals (WOS, Scopus, and LatinIndex), this article reports the progress of research, the complexities of the operation, and the different effects of inter-municipal cooperation in Latin American countries. The results identify the main gaps in studies about causes and determinants of ‘collaboration’ as an organizational model and territorial governance, as well as the lack of studies on the effectiveness of these arrangements. By identifying these gaps it is possible to guide the future research agenda on cooperation between municipalities.

Resumen Este artículo ofrece un panorama del estado de la investigación latinoamericana sobre cooperación intermunicipal, un fenómeno que ha adquirido relevancia empírica en la región desde la década de los años noventa. A partir de una revisión sistemática de la literatura y del análisis de contenido de 47 artículos publicados entre 2005 y 2016 en revistas indexadas en WOS, Scopus y LatinIndex, este trabajo informa acerca de los avances de la investigación sobre los condicionantes relevantes, las complejidades de la operación y los diferentes efectos de la cooperación intermunicipal en países de América Latina. Los resultados identifican las brechas de investigación en el estudio de las causas y los factores explicativos de la colaboración como modelo organizacional y gobernanza territorial, como también la falta de estudios de efectividad de dichos arreglos. La identificación de estas brechas permitirá orientar la agenda de investigación futura sobre cooperación entre municipios.

SUMMARY: In Mexico, State Natural Protected Areas are frequently undervalued and rarely studied. The objective of this work was to analyze the process of decree and governance features of Chicamole Ecological Preservation Zone, which protects a cloud forest. An actor map was generated to understand the organization scheme, the external sector involved and their relationships. Semi structured Interviews were conducted both with governmental institutions and local inhabitants to analyze the decree. In spite of the obtained differences in perception, it can be noted that major conservation resulted from legislation. In addition, the presence of well-defined community norms regarding the use of natural resources (especially firewood and water) has encouraged forest conservation. This study shows the importance of a small area in the context of the protected areas in Mexico. The challenges of Chicamole Ecological Preservation Zone include increasing the interaction between sectors, achieving local recognition of the protected zone, and strengthening the social organization and the sustainable use of natural resources through stakeholder inclusion.

RESUMEN: En México, las Áreas Naturales Protegidas Estatales son frecuentemente subvaloradas y rara vez estudiadas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el proceso de decreto y las características de gobernanza de la Zona de Preservación Ecológica Chicamole, que protege al Bosque Mesófilo de Montaña. Se generó un mapa de actores para conocer su esquema de organización y sus relaciones. Se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a las instituciones gubernamentales y a pobladores locales en pos de analizar el decreto. A pesar de que se obtuvieron diferencias en la percepción, se observa coincidencia respecto al efecto sobre la conservación a partir de la legislación. Además, la presencia de normas comunitarias bien definidas con respecto al uso de los recursos (sobre todo leña y agua), ha favorecido la conservación del bosque. Este estudio de caso mostró cómo esta pequeña área es importante en el contexto del sistema de Áreas Naturales Protegidas en México. Los retos de la Zona de Preservación Ecológica Chicamole incluyen incrementar la interacción entre los sectores, lograr su reconocimiento local y fortalecer la organización social y el aprovechamiento sostenible de los recursos, mediante la inclusión de actores.

Abstract Terrestrial ecosystems are perturbed by human activities, and many of them need to be restored so biodiversity and environmental services can recover. However, ecological restoration is incipient in Mexico as a multidisciplinary issue that still requires further advances in theory and practices. Publications on ecological restoration in Mexico were analyzed to provide an insight into the current state of knowledge on the subject and identify gaps, biases, and progress. We used databases on the web, from which 20 764 references were obtained and 402 were selected, which met all of the requirements. All selected references were reviewed and classified considering various criteria. Among these, research questions in ecological restoration: why, what, how, where and when to restore. From the total, 32% were studies of ecological restoration sensu stricto. In eight states no reference studies were found. Chiapas and Veracruz were the most cited. Most work was conducted in tropical (43%) and temperate forests (13%). Only 10% of the references included all restoration research questions. In Mexico, ecological restoration is an emerging discipline, which despite the political, economic and social complications of the country, has received increased attention by different working groups, principally in the last 10 years. It should be noted that so far, studies continue to have a focus on restoration ecology, it being necessary to develop strategies to help increase ecological restoration projects aiming to restore degraded ecosystems.

Resumen Los ecosistemas terrestres se encuentran deteriorados por las actividades humanas, por lo que es urgente realizar proyectos de restauración para recuperar la biodiversidad y los servicios ambientales. Sin embargo, la restauración ecológica es aún incipiente en México, como un tema multidisciplinario que implica la generación de teoría y práctica. En este estudio, se analizaron las publicaciones sobre restauración ecológica en México, para brindar una visión del estado actual del conocimiento en el tema e identificar sus limitantes, retos y avances. Usando bases de datos, se obtuvieron 20 764 referencias, de las cuales se seleccionaron 402 trabajos. Todas las referencias seleccionadas fueron revisadas y clasificadas considerando diversos criterios. Entre estos, las preguntas de investigación en restauración ecológica: ¿por qué, qué, cómo, dónde y cuándo restaurar? Del total, 32% correspondieron a estudios de restauración ecológica sensu stricto. En ocho estados no se encontraron referencias de estudios; Chiapas y Veracruz fueron los más atendidos. La mayoría de los trabajos se realizaron en bosques tropicales (43%) y templados (13%). Solo 10% de los trabajos incluyeron todas las preguntas de investigación. En México la restauración ecológica es una disciplina emergente, la cual, a pesar de las complicaciones políticas, económicas y sociales del país, ha recibido cada vez mayor atención por diferentes grupos de trabajo. Aunque se obtuvieron pocos estudios de restauración, comparados con el total global, se observó un incremento en los últimos diez años. En esta revisión se destaca la necesidad de generar equipos multidisciplinarios para cubrir con los aspectos necesarios en la generación de proyectos de restauración ecológica, dentro de sistemas socioecológicos dinámicos.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease which can involve almost any organ, making its difficult therapeutic approach. Immune complex deposition can often activate complement, accounting for many of SLE clinical manifestations and laboratory findings. We present a case of a patient who presented with acute pancreatitis and acute kidney injury as onset manifestations of SLE, later developing neurological manifestations, who was successfully treated with rituximab, plasma exchange and steroids as induction therapy. Persistently low C3 level led to a genetic analysis of the complement system components. We found three polymorphisms in the alternative pathway of complement regulators (complement factor H c2669 G>T, p.Ser890Ile and c3019 G>T, p.Val1007Leu and complement factor I c.482+6 G>T), two of which have been correlated with atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome and dense deposit disease and also complement factor H-related protein (CFHR1 and CFHR3) mutations by deletion. This raises the question whether these polymorphisms and mutations played any role in our patient’s clinical course